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Duality and questions in 'Kokoro'
1. Introduction
I learned about literature of the British fin de siècle from this lecture. British fin de siècle literature depicts the duality in humans, for example the fluctuating self between reason and desire or good and evil. The protagonist of Natsume Soseki's 'Kokoro', the Sensei, symbolized precisely this human duality. Also, his extreme final action after struggling with this duality relates to problems faced by us in modern times. Therefore, in this discussion, I consider the duality and several points in Natsume Soseki's 'Kokoro'.
2. Duality in 'Kokoro'
First, we look at the protagonist's duality in 'Kokoro'. Outwardly, the Sensei is portrayed as a sincere and educated gentleman. However, inwardly, he struggles with guilt for possibly having driven his close friend K to death, and the loneliness of being unable to tell anyone this truth. Ultimately, he reveals the truth in a letter addressed to 'I' before choosing suicide. Freud's psychoanalytic theory is related to this background. Freud divided the human mind into conscious and unconscious, believing the unconscious contains repressed desires and impulses. This means that while socially one appears a good person, deep inside lurks selfish thoughts. This great disparity between Sensei's outer and inner self likely led to his drastic choice.
3. Timing of confessing guilt
A question arises: 'Why did he not confess his guilt face-to-face while alive?' Why only a letter avoiding confrontation? Possibly, the fear of others knowing his guilt outweighed even death itself. For the Sensei, 'death' was less unbearable than the collapse of human relations and his character if his guilt became known before death. Also, I think this guilt is not only the Sensei’s personal problem. The repeated warnings the Sensei gave me to 'be careful' were not just warnings against becoming like him but contained a universal recognition that all humans carry such fragility. That is, even 'I' might someday waver between desire and reason in relationships and face regret and guilt. His death posed a question about what should be done then. The Sensei's inability to confess guilt while alive may also be related to the era background and his overly sensitive personality.
4. Relationship between 'I' and the Sensei
What impressed me while reading 'Kokoro' is that the Sensei confided his sin not to his wife but to 'I'. Although his wife was deeply involved as a direct party in the events between the Sensei and K, the Sensei never told her the truth. On the other hand, he told everything to 'I', a young third party, in the form of a letter.
However, possibly there was an unmeasurable trust between them. Yuka Sasa (2025) described the letter entrusted to 'I' as requiring strict, careful 'tests' similar to measuring the seriousness between 'Sensei' and 'I', and only the chosen readers after such tests could inherit it. Thus, for the Sensei 'I' was an ideal listener capable of accepting his inner darkness, possibly because 'I' was a person not deeply involved in reality, making it easier to share burdens—a common occurrence in daily life. The contrast between how the Sensei conveyed guilt to 'I' and his wife reveals the complexity of his psychology. Of course, the fact that the wife might be related to K's death is a major reason for the difficulty in confessing.
But telling the truth to his wife could shatter her purity and happiness, and might directly accuse her, making it harder to confess.
5. Conclusion
This time I addressed the duality in Natsume Soseki's 'Kokoro'. This duality is not something that appears only in special people but also applies to us today. Our hearts always contain opposing elements, and we live daily with such conflicts. However, I think there is no need to end like the Sensei with death. Humans indeed have dualities such as good and evil, light and shadow, sincerity and selfishness. But noticing this and continuing to grapple with it might rather lead to human growth.